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        Bromine
 
I have not found a cell receptor for Bromine (Br) to date, and at this time, bromine has not been classified as
being essential to human health.  However, bromine - either as potassium bromide or sodium bromide - has
anti-seizure properties, and it is an interesting and effective trace mineral in regard to hyperthyroid conditions.

Many marine plants, particularly kelp, are a rich source of bromine and iodine, so depending on their bromine
/ iodine ratio, and whether someone is hypothyroid or hyperthyroid, this can have a beneficial or unfavorable
effect on thyroid functions when regularly consumed.

When reports of hypothyroidism cases surfaced as a result of certain cultures regularly consuming seaweed
(such as Kelp), some researchers believed the high iodine content in those marine plants to be the reason.
However, it may have well been the bromine content, or a high bromine / iodine ratio in the plants compared
to those of other regions, or that these same people possibly also consumed higher amounts of "goitrogenic"
vegetables such as limabeans, cassava, cabbage, sweet potatoes, rutabaga, which can result in depressed
iodine / thyroid functions.  On average, most varieties of kelp tend to increase thyroid functions.

In hyperthyroidism, where milder forms of nutritional therapy such as PABA or magnesium have not been very
effective, I have seen bromine to be very effective in human and animal applications, and provided the proper
amount is used, no side effects are experienced.  Bromine inhibits both, T4 thyroxine and T3 triiodothyronine
hormones, and in some cases only a short course of bromine is needed to return (hyper) thyroid functions
back down to normal. (see also Acu-Cell "Tin & Iodine").

Bromides can still be found in some medications, and despite a ban on potassium bromate in flour by the
World Health Organization (it was found that potassium bromate caused renal cancer in rats when they drank
water containing KBrO3), some nations are still allowing its use as oxidizer in baked goods at very low levels.
Bakers associations maintain that potassium bromate is converted to harmless potassium bromide during
the baking process.  Bromine was also used as a sleeping aid in the past, for which it worked well, however
long-term use of bromides can result in brominism, a toxic condition.  In addition, even trace amounts of
bromine can trigger severe acne in sensitive individuals.

Bromine-based fire retardants used in carpets, mattresses, upholstery, furniture and various electronic equip-
ment have become suspect for causing a number of medical conditions, including hypothyroidism.  Based on
animal research, bromides have also been linked to behavioral problems, neurodevelopment and attention
deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADD / ADHD) in children.  The European Union has already banned some
PBDE (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) compounds, and it is hoped that countries still allowing their use will
follow suit.

While phenobarbital is the conventional approach in Veterinary Medicine to control seizures in dogs, some
veterinary doctors started experimenting with bromides some years ago.  At first, they were used for resistant
cases, but now there are a large number of vets who are not opposed to using either potassium bromide, or
sodium bromide as a first choice over phenobarbital.  €
 
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Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is the latest term replacing daily dietary reference values such as
Adequate Intake (AI), Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), Estimated Average Requirements (EAR),
Nutrient Reference Value (NRV),  and Recommended Dietary Allowance / Intake (RDA / RDI).

Bromine:DRI (RDA):noneTherapeutic Range:100mg - 2,000mg

Estimated median daily intake of bromine worldwide from food and water is 1mg - 3mg per day.
___________________________________________________________________________________

Bromine Synergists:  PABA,

Bromine Antagonists:  Chloride, iodine,

Low Levels / Therapeutic Indications for Bromine:
Seizures, insomnia, agitation, irritability, hyperthyroidism,

High levels / Overdose / Toxicity / Negative Side Effects - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
Drowsiness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, acne, skin rash, blurred vision, dizziness, mania, pancreatitis, coma,
hallucinations, increased thirst, hunger and urination, muscle weakness, hypothyroidism, psychosis, poor
memory, possible attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADD / ADHD) in children.

In Lab Animals:  Neurodevelopmental disorders and behavioral problems from exposure to PBDEs.
___________________________________________________________________________________

Bromine Sources:  Kelp, seaweed, nuts, (also some baked goods and fire-retardant compounds).

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General recommendations for nutritional supplementation:  To avoid stomach problems and promote better
tolerance, supplements should always be taken earlier, or in the middle of a larger meal.  When taken on an
empty stomach or after a meal, there is a greater risk of some tablets causing irritation, or eventually erosion
of the esophageal sphincter, resulting in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).  It is also advisable not
to lie down immediately after taking any pills.  When taking a very large daily amount of a single nutrient, it is
better to split it up into smaller doses to not interfere with the absorption of other nutrients in food, or nutrients
supplemented at lower amounts.

___________________________________________________________________________________
Copyright © 2000-2010  Ronald Roth              Acu-Cell Nutrition: Bromine
  
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