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DRI / RDA for Nickel & Cobalt + Vitamin C, E, B12, B15:    Page 2 |
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Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is the latest term replacing daily dietary reference values such as |
Adequate Intake (AI), Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), |
Nutrient Reference Value (NRV), and Recommended Dietary Allowance / Intake (RDA / RDI). |
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Nickel:      Cobalt: |
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DRI (RDA):  300mcg - 700mcg DRI (RDA):   10mcg - 20mcg |
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Therapeutic Range: 500mcg - 50mg+ Therapeutic Range: 50mcg - 1mg |
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Cellular / Intracellular Attributes and Interactions: |
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Nickel Synergists:     Cobalt Synergists: |
Iron, tin, phosphorus, Vitamin C, [cobalt],  Manganese, sodium, Vitamin B12, [nickel], |
germanium, bismuth,    iodine, |
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Nickel Antagonists:    Cobalt Antagonists: |
Manganese, zinc, calcium, copper, [cobalt], Potassium, iron, magnesium, chromium, |
sodium, Vitamin E, phytic acid,   phosphorus, Vitamin C, [nickel], protein, |
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Low Levels / Deficiency - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors: |
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Nickel:      Cobalt: |
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), low blood May lead to pernicious anemia, severe fatigue, |
pressure, depression, liver disease, anemia, shortness of breath, low thyroid, |
low stomach acid, sinus congestion, fatigue, |
low adrenals, |
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High levels / Overdose / Toxicity / Negative Side Effects - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors: |
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Nickel:      Cobalt: |
Angina, skin rash, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), Angina, panic-anxiety attacks, shortness of |
decreased estrogen, shortness of breath, asthma, breath, asthma, cardiomyopathy, congestive |
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, lowered pulse, heart failure, polycythemia, thyroid problems, |
increased protein in urine, increased red blood cells, neurological problems, dermatitis, skin rash, |
heart failure (from 50,000 - 100,000 x the daily intake), overproduction of red blood cells, |
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Nickel Sources:     Cobalt Sources: |
Unrefined whole grains, nuts, oysters, tea, herring, Buckwheat, dairy, figs, green leafy vegetables, |
buckwheat seed, peas, beans, soybeans, lentils, cabbage, meats, shellfish, sea vegetables, |
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Vitamin C / Ascorbic Acid:   Vitamin E / (Alpha) Tocopherol: |
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DRI (RDA):      DRI (RDA):  1mg = 1IU |
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for details see Vitamin C Supplementation |
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0-12 months  40-50mg  0-12 months  4-5mg |
1-10 years  20-25mg  1-10 years  6-10mg |
11-18 years  45-75mg  11-18 years  11-15mg |
18 years +  75-90mg+  18 years +  15mg+ |
pregnant / lactating + 45mg  pregnant / lactating + 4mg |
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Therapeutic Range: 250mg - 25,000mg+ Therapeutic Range: 100mg - 2000mg+ |
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Low Levels / Deficiency - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors: |
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Vitamin C:      Vitamin E: |
Scurvy, slow wound healing, anemia, easy bruising, Increased oxidation of free radicals, increased |
shortness of breath, fatigue, nosebleeds, frequent risk for various cancers, angina (left-sided), |
infections, gastrointestinal problems, depression, cardiovascular disease, hemolytic anemia, |
chronic gingivitis, increased risk for various cancers, increased lipid peroxidation, reproductive |
impaired formation and maintenance of collagen, abnormalities, dermatitis, dry skin, irritability, impaired multiple hormonal functions, dermatitis, PMS, fibrocystic (breast) disease, leg cramps, |
arthritis, reduced insulin production, some types of bruising, gallstones, miscarriage, cataracts, |
male infertility, vascular degeneration, gallstones, |
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High levels / Overdose / Toxicity / Negative Side Effects - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors: |
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Vitamin C:      Vitamin E: |
Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, high stomach acid, Altered immunity, altered blood clotting, fatigue, |
increased urination, insomnia, irritability, joint reduced thyroid functions, increased Vitamin C, |
pains, osteoporosis, headaches, hypoglycemia, Vit A, or calcium requirements, cardiovascular |
weakness, reduced estrogen, PMS, may increase disease / stroke, headaches, raised or lowered |
infections by causing copper deficiency, reduced blood pressure, muscle weakness, nausea, |
estrogen, reduced progesterone, reduced prolactin. |
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Vitamin C Sources:    Vitamin E Sources: |
Citrus fruit, green peppers, sweet and hot peppers, Wheat germ, seeds, nuts, sweet potato, whole |
potatoes, rose hips, currants and other berries, kale, unrefined grains, vegetable oils, olives, corn, |
tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage, spinach, watercress, apricot oil, margarine, green leafy vegetables. |
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Vitamin B12 - Hydroxy or Cyanocobalamin: Vitamin B15 - Pangamic Acid:* |
(also available as adenosyl or methylcobalamin) (also called calcium pangamate) |
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DRI (RDA):      DRI (RDA):* |
0-6 months  0.5mcg |
6-12 months  1.5mcg  * no USRDA [may be substituted with DMG ]. |
1-18 years  2-3mcg |
18 years +  3-4mcg  18 years +  25mg |
pregnant / lactating + 1mcg |
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Therapeutic Range: 50mcg - 10mg Therapeutic Range: 50mg - 500mg+ |
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Low Levels / Deficiency - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors: |
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Vitamin B12:     Vitamin B15: |
Pernicious anemia (numbness and tingling in Angina (right-sided), coronary artery spasms |
hands and feet / nerve damage), shortness of  (right-sided), some types of panic-anxiety |
breath, severe fatigue, sore tongue, nausea, disorders, headaches, Vitamin B12 overdose |
loss of appetite, weight loss, confusion, poor (from Vit B12 injection), some types of high |
memory, dementia, depression, headaches, blood pressure, shortness of breath, asthma, |
reduced white blood cells and platelet formation, increased lactic acid, learning difficulties, |
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High levels / Overdose / Toxicity / Negative Side Effects - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors: |
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Vitamin B12:     Vitamin B15: |
Can cause low folate-related anemia, hyperthyroid, Severe fatigue, pernicious anemia (long-term |
numbness / tingling in right arm or face, hypokalemia, very high intake), depression, headaches, skin |
anxieties, panic-anxiety attacks, heart palpitations, rash, shortness of breath, nausea, increased |
insomnia, increased Vitamin B15 requirements, Vitamin B12 requirements, |
optic nerve atrophy (in someone with Leber's disease), |
some types of leukemia, liver and kidney diseases, |
may worsen symptoms of mitral valve prolapse, |
may increase / stimulate tumor / cancer cell division, |
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Vitamin B12 Sources:    Vitamin B15 Sources: |
Meat, dairy, eggs, seafood. [Vit B12 is only found in Brewer's yeast, whole grains, organ meats, |
animal products, but has been obtained through insect seeds, brown rice, |
or feces-contaminated grains, fruits, or vegetables]. ¤ |
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General recommendations for nutritional supplementation: To avoid stomach problems and promote |
better tolerance, supplements should always be taken earlier, or in the middle of a larger meal. When |
taken on an empty stomach or after a meal, there is a greater risk of some tablets causing irritation, or eventually erosion of the esophageal sphincter, resulting in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). |
It is also advisable not to lie down immediately after taking any pills. |
When taking a very large daily amount of a single nutrient, it is better to split it up into smaller doses to |
not interfere with the absorption of other nutrients in food, or nutrients supplemented at lower amounts. |
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Copyright © 2000-2008 Ronald Roth     DRI / RDA of Cobalt & Nickel + Vitamin C / E / B12 / B15 |
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