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DRI / RDA for Nickel & Cobalt + Vit C - E - B12 - B15:
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Cellular / Intracellular Attributes and Interactions:
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Nickel Synergists:
Iron, tin, phosphorus, Vitamin C, bismuth, [cobalt],
germanium,
Nickel Antagonists:
Manganese, zinc, calcium, copper, [cobalt],
sodium, Vitamin E, phytic acid.
Cobalt Synergists:
Manganese, sodium, Vitamin B12, [nickel],
iodine (low to normal amounts),
Cobalt Antagonists:
Potassium, iron, magnesium, chromium, [nickel],
phosphorus, Vitamin C, protein.
Low Levels / Deficiency - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
Nickel:
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), low blood
pressure, depression, liver disease, anemia,
low stomach acid, sinus congestion, fatigue,
low adrenals.
Cobalt:
May lead to pernicious anemia, severe fatigue,
shortness of breath, low thyroid.
High levels / Overdose / Toxicity / Negative Side Effects - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
Nickel:
Angina, skin rash, hypoglycemia, decreased estrogen,
shortness of breath, asthma, nausea, lowered pulse,
vomiting, diarrhea, headache, stomach irritation,
increased protein in urine, increased red blood cells,
heart failure (from 50,000 - 100,000 x daily intake).
Cobalt:
Angina, panic-anxiety attacks, shortness of breath,
asthma, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure,
polycythemia, (hypo)thyroid problems, overproduction
of red blood cells, neurological problems, infertility,
skin rash, dermatitis.
Nickel Sources:
Unrefined whole grains, oats, nuts, oysters, soybeans,
buckwheat seed, peas, beans, lentils, herring, tea.
Cobalt Sources:
Buckwheat, dairy, nuts, figs, green leafy vegetables,
cabbage, meats, shellfish, sea vegetables.
Vitamin E: 1mg = 1 IU
Low Levels / Deficiency - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
Vitamin C:
Scurvy, slow wound healing, anemia, easy bruising,
shortness of breath, fatigue, nosebleeds, frequent
infections, gastrointestinal problems, depression,
chronic gingivitis, increased risk for various cancers,
impaired formation and maintenance of collagen,
impaired multiple hormonal functions, dermatitis,
arthritis, reduced insulin production, some types of
male infertility, vascular degeneration, gallstones.
Vitamin E:
Increased oxidation of free radicals, increased
risk for various cancers, cardiovascular disease,
hemolytic anemia, angina (left-sided), leg cramps,
increased lipid peroxidation, dry skin, irritability,
reproductive abnormalities, miscarriage, PMS,
fibrocystic (breast) disease, gallstones, cataracts,
bruising, dermatitis.
High levels / Overdose / Toxicity / Negative Side Effects - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
Vitamin C:
Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, high stomach acid,
increased urination, insomnia, irritability, joint
pains, osteoporosis, headaches, hypoglycemia,
weakness, reduced estrogen, PMS, may increase
infections by causing copper deficiency, reduced
estrogen, reduced progesterone, reduced prolactin.
Vitamin E:
Altered immunity, altered blood clotting, fatigue,
reduced thyroid functions, increased Vitamin C,
Vitamin A, or calcium requirements, cardiovascular
cardiovascular disease / stroke, muscle weakness,
headaches, raised or lowered blood pressure,
nausea.
Vitamin C Sources:
Citrus fruit, green peppers, sweet and hot peppers,
potatoes, rose hips, currants and other berries, kale,
tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage, spinach, watercress.
Vitamin E Sources:
Wheat germ, seeds, nuts, sweet potato, whole
unrefined grains, vegetable oils, olives, corn,
apricot oil, margarine, green leafy vegetables.
Vitamin B12 - Hydroxy or Cyanocobalamin:
(also available as adenosyl or methylcobalamin)
Vitamin B15 - Pangamic Acid: * no USRDA
(also called calcium pangamate)
* may be substituted with DMG (Dimethylglycine)
to increase pangamic acid production in the body.
Low Levels / Deficiency - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
Vitamin B12:
Pernicious anemia (numbness and tingling in
hands and feet / nerve damage), shortness of
breath, severe fatigue, birth defects, dementia,
confusion, poor memory, depression, reduced
WBCs and platelet formation, loss of appetite,
weight loss, sore tongue, headaches, nausea.
Vitamin B15:
Angina (right-sided), coronary artery spasms
(right-sided), some types of panic-anxiety disorder,
headaches, Vitamin B12 overdose (from Vit B12
injection), some types of high blood pressure,
shortness of breath, asthma, increased lactic acid,
drug addiction, learning difficulties.
High levels / Overdose / Toxicity / Negative Side Effects - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
Vitamin B12:
Can cause low folate-related anemia and "pins and
needles" symptoms in fingers and toes after long-term
intake without additional folic acid supplementation.
Insomnia, skin rash, increased Vit B15 requirements,
optic nerve atrophy (in someone with Leber's disease),
some types of leukemia, liver and kidney diseases, may
worsen symptoms of mitral valve prolapse, hyperthyroid,
numbness / tingling in right arm or face, hypokalemia,
anxieties, panic-anxiety attacks, heart palpitations,
may increase / stimulate tumor / cancer cell division.
Methylcobalamin is the preferred form of Vitamin B12
if cyanocobalamin is not tolerated. However, although
relatively rare, side effects are possible with all forms.
Vitamin B15:
Pernicious anemia (long-term, very high intake),
severe fatigue, depression, headaches, skin rash,
shortness of breath, nausea, increased Vitamin B12
requirements.
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Vitamin B12 Sources:
Meat, dairy, eggs, seafood. There is no vegetarian
source of Vitamin B12, but it has been obtained from
insect or feces-contaminated vegetarian products.
Vitamin B15 Sources:
Brewer's yeast, whole grains, organ meats, pumpkin
and sunflower seeds, brown rice. ¤
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Page 2
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General recommendations for nutritional supplementation: To avoid stomach problems and improve tolerance,
supplements should be taken earlier, or in the middle of a larger meal. When taken on an empty stomach or
after a meal, there is a greater risk of some tablets causing irritation, or eventually erosion of the esophageal
sphincter, resulting in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). It is also advisable not to lie down right after
taking pills. When taking a large daily amount of a single nutrient, it is better to split it up into smaller doses
to not interfere with the absorption of other nutrients in food, or nutrients supplemented at lower amounts.
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Copyright © 2000-2012 Acu-Cell Nutrition - DRI / RDA for Cobalt & Nickel + Vitamin C / E / B12 / B15
Acu-Cell Nutrition
UL: 200 mcg - 1,000 mcg
Therapeutic Range: 500 mcg - 50,000 mcg +
UL: 250 mcg (in medicines)
Therapeutic Range: 50 mcg - 1,000 mcg
Nickel:
DRI (RDA): none
0-6 months
6-12 months
1-10 years
11-18 years males
19 + years males
11-18 years females
19 + years females
1,000 mcg = 1mg
suggested:
100 mcg - 300 mcg
400 mcg - 600 mcg
500 mcg - 700 mcg
300 mcg - 500 mcg
400 mcg - 600 mcg
Cobalt:
DRI (RDA): none
11-18 years males
19 + years males
11-18 years females
19 + years females
suggested:
0.006 mcg (AI)
10 mcg - 20 mcg
10 mcg - 20 mcg
10 mcg - 20 mcg
10 mcg - 20 mcg
DRI (RDA):
0-6 months
6-12 months
1-10 years
11-18 years males
19 + years males
11-18 years females
19-50 years females
50 + years females
pregnant
lactating
40mg AI
50mg AI
15 - 50mg
65 - 75mg
90mg
55 - 65mg
75mg
75mg
80 - 85mg
115 - 120mg
DRI (RDA):
0-6 months
6-12 months
1-10 years
11-18 years males
19 + years males
11-18 years females
19-50 years females
50 + years females
pregnant
lactating
4mg AI
5mg AI
6 - 10mg
11 - 15mg
15mg
11 - 15mg
15mg
15mg
15mg
19mg
UL: 400mg - 2,000mg
Therapeutic Range: 250mg - 50g +
Best time to take Vitamin C: Morning - evening
in divided doses, preferably with the 3 main meals.
UL: 200mg - 1,000mg
Therapeutic Range: 100mg - 2,000mg +
Best time to take Vitamin E: Anytime during
the day; preferably with some (fatty) food.
DRI (RDA):
0-6 months
6-12 months
1-10 years
11-18 years males
19 + years males
11-18 years females
19 + years females
pregnant
lactating
0.4 mcg AI
0.5 mcg AI
0.7 - 2.0 mcg
2.4 mcg
2.4 mcg
2.4 mcg
2.4 mcg
2.6 mcg
2.8 mcg
DRI (RDA): none *
6-12 months
1-10 years
11-18 years males
19 + years males
11-18 years females
19 + years females
suggested:
(B15 or DMG)
10 - 25mg
25mg +
10 - 25mg
25mg +
UL: n/a
Therapeutic Range: 100 mcg - 10,000 mcg
Best time to take Vitamin B12: Morning - afternoon,
with or without food for oral intake. Earlier in the day
for B12 injections.
UL: n/a
Therapeutic Range: 50mg - 500mg +
Best time to take Vitamin B15 or DMG: Anytime
during the day, preferably with food.
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2012 Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) - Adequate Intake (AI) - Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) - Recommended Dietary Allowance / Intake (RDA / RDI)
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2012 Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) - Adequate Intake (AI) - Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) - Recommended Dietary Allowance / Intake (RDA / RDI)
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2012 Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) - Adequate Intake (AI) - Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) - Recommended Dietary Allowance / Intake (RDA / RDI)
Estimated daily intake of Nickel from food and water
worldwide is 69 mcg - 170 mcg / day.
Estimated daily intake of Cobalt from food and water
worldwide is 5 mcg - 40 mcg / day.
DRI / RDA Nickel & Cobalt
DRI / RDA Vit C / E / B12 / B15
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Updated: 15. Jan. 2012