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DRI / RDA for Nickel & Cobalt + Vitamin C, E, B12, B15: Page 2
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Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is the latest term replacing daily dietary reference values such as
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Adequate Intake (AI), Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), Estimated Average Requirements (EAR),
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Nutrient Reference Value (NRV), and Recommended Dietary Allowance / Intake (RDA / RDI).
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Nickel:Cobalt:
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DRI (RDA):300mcg - 700mcgDRI (RDA): 10mcg - 20mcg
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Therapeutic Range:500mcg - 50mg+Therapeutic Range:50mcg - 1mg
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Cellular / Intracellular Attributes and Interactions:
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Nickel Synergists:Cobalt Synergists:
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Iron, tin, phosphorus, Vitamin C, [cobalt],Manganese, sodium, Vitamin B12, [nickel],
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germanium, bismuth,iodine,
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Nickel Antagonists:Cobalt Antagonists:
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Manganese, zinc, calcium, copper, [cobalt],Potassium, iron, magnesium, chromium,
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sodium, Vitamin E, phytic acid,phosphorus, Vitamin C, [nickel], protein,
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Low Levels / Deficiency - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
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Nickel:Cobalt:
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Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), low bloodMay lead to pernicious anemia, severe fatigue,
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pressure, depression, liver disease, anemia,shortness of breath, low thyroid,
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low stomach acid, sinus congestion, fatigue,
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low adrenals,
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High levels / Overdose / Toxicity / Negative Side Effects - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
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Nickel:Cobalt:
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Angina, skin rash, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar),Angina, panic-anxiety attacks, shortness of
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decreased estrogen, shortness of breath, asthma,breath, asthma, cardiomyopathy, congestive
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nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, lowered pulse,heart failure, polycythemia, thyroid problems,
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increased protein in urine, increased red blood cells,neurological problems, dermatitis, skin rash,
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heart failure (from 50,000 - 100,000 x the daily intake),overproduction of red blood cells,
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Nickel Sources:Cobalt Sources:
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Unrefined whole grains, nuts, oysters, tea, herring,Buckwheat, dairy, figs, green leafy vegetables,
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buckwheat seed, peas, beans, soybeans, lentils,cabbage, meats, shellfish, sea vegetables,
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Vitamin C / Ascorbic Acid:Vitamin E / (Alpha) Tocopherol:
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DRI (RDA):DRI (RDA):1mg = 1IU
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for details see Vitamin C Supplementation
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0-12 months40-50mg0-12 months4-5mg
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1-10 years20-25mg1-10 years6-10mg
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11-18 years45-75mg11-18 years11-15mg
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18 years +75-90mg+18 years +15mg+
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pregnant / lactating+ 45mgpregnant / lactating+ 4mg
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Therapeutic Range:250mg - 25,000mg+Therapeutic Range:100mg - 2000mg+
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Low Levels / Deficiency - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
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Vitamin C:Vitamin E:
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Scurvy, slow wound healing, anemia, easy bruising,Increased oxidation of free radicals, increased
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shortness of breath, fatigue, nosebleeds, frequentrisk for various cancers, angina (left-sided),
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infections, gastrointestinal problems, depression,cardiovascular disease, hemolytic anemia,
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chronic gingivitis, increased risk for various cancers,increased lipid peroxidation, reproductive
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impaired formation and maintenance of collagen,abnormalities, dermatitis, dry skin, irritability,
impaired multiple hormonal functions, dermatitis,PMS, fibrocystic (breast) disease, leg cramps,
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arthritis, reduced insulin production, some types ofbruising, gallstones, miscarriage, cataracts,
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male infertility, vascular degeneration, gallstones,
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High levels / Overdose / Toxicity / Negative Side Effects - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
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Vitamin C:Vitamin E:
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Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, high stomach acid,Altered immunity, altered blood clotting, fatigue,
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increased urination, insomnia, irritability, jointreduced thyroid functions, increased Vitamin C,
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pains, osteoporosis, headaches, hypoglycemia,Vit A, or calcium requirements, cardiovascular
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weakness, reduced estrogen, PMS, may increasedisease / stroke, headaches, raised or lowered
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infections by causing copper deficiency, reducedblood pressure, muscle weakness, nausea,
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estrogen, reduced progesterone, reduced prolactin.
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Vitamin C Sources:Vitamin E Sources:
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Citrus fruit, green peppers, sweet and hot peppers,Wheat germ, seeds, nuts, sweet potato, whole
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potatoes, rose hips, currants and other berries, kale,unrefined grains, vegetable oils, olives, corn,
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tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage, spinach, watercress,apricot oil, margarine, green leafy vegetables.
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Vitamin B12 - Hydroxy or Cyanocobalamin:Vitamin B15 - Pangamic Acid:*
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(also available as adenosyl or methylcobalamin)(also called calcium pangamate)
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DRI (RDA):DRI (RDA):*
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0-6 months0.5mcg
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6-12 months1.5mcg* no USRDA[may be substituted with DMG ].
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1-18 years2-3mcg
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18 years +3-4mcg18 years +25mg
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pregnant / lactating+ 1mcg
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Therapeutic Range:50mcg - 10mgTherapeutic Range:50mg - 500mg+
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Low Levels / Deficiency - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
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Vitamin B12:Vitamin B15:
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Pernicious anemia (numbness and tingling inAngina (right-sided), coronary artery spasms
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hands and feet / nerve damage), shortness of (right-sided), some types of panic-anxiety
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breath, severe fatigue, sore tongue, nausea,disorders, headaches, Vitamin B12 overdose
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loss of appetite, weight loss, confusion, poor(from Vit B12 injection), some types of high
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memory, dementia, depression, headaches,blood pressure, shortness of breath, asthma,
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reduced white blood cells and platelet formation,increased lactic acid, learning difficulties,
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High levels / Overdose / Toxicity / Negative Side Effects - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:
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Vitamin B12:Vitamin B15:
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Can cause low folate-related anemia, hyperthyroid,Severe fatigue, pernicious anemia (long-term
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numbness / tingling in right arm or face, hypokalemia,very high intake), depression, headaches, skin
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anxieties, panic-anxiety attacks, heart palpitations,rash, shortness of breath, nausea, increased
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insomnia, increased Vitamin B15 requirements,Vitamin B12 requirements,
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optic nerve atrophy (in someone with Leber's disease),
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some types of leukemia, liver and kidney diseases,
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may worsen symptoms of mitral valve prolapse,
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may increase / stimulate tumor / cancer cell division,
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Vitamin B12 Sources:Vitamin B15 Sources:
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Meat, dairy, eggs, seafood. [Vit B12 is only found inBrewer's yeast, whole grains, organ meats,
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animal products, but has been obtained through insectseeds, brown rice,
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or feces-contaminated grains, fruits, or vegetables]. ¤
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General recommendations for nutritional supplementation: To avoid stomach problems and promote
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better tolerance, supplements should always be taken earlier, or in the middle of a larger meal. When
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taken on an empty stomach or after a meal, there is a greater risk of some tablets causing irritation, or
eventually erosion of the esophageal sphincter, resulting in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).
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It is also advisable not to lie down immediately after taking any pills.
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When taking a very large daily amount of a single nutrient, it is better to split it up into smaller doses to
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not interfere with the absorption of other nutrients in food, or nutrients supplemented at lower amounts.
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Copyright © 2000-2008 Ronald Roth DRI / RDA of Cobalt & Nickel + Vitamin C / E / B12 / B15
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