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       Vanadium & Molybdenum
 
Both elements share left / right-sided cell receptors and are considered essential to human health.  When
either Vanadium (V) or Molybdenum (Mo) test below normal, most of the time - at least in developed parts
of the world - it is as a result of their antagonists being too high, and less often because of insufficient dietary
intake.  Chromium and copper are one of the closest associated trace mineral pairs, so since copper is
virtually always higher than chromium, molybdenum (being a copper antagonist) is nearly as often lower than
vanadium.  One exception may be excessive sugar intake, which has a tendency to deplete chromium, and to
a lesser extent vanadium (chromium and vanadium are also antagonists, but share similar attributes toward
insulin / glucose management).

Excessively high copper levels are generally found with many joint degenerative-types of conditions, whereby
next to sulfur-rich supplements, molybdenum and chromium can also be helpful with these arthritic disorders
as a result of lowering copper.  When molybdenum and/or vanadium levels are far below normal, there is a
greater occurrence of spinal degeneration - with or without the presence of high copper, although when
copper is also very high, it very likely has been a contributing factor.

Ankylosing Spondylitis is a classic example where both, molybdenum and vanadium are excessively low,
and their antagonists are excessively high.  In addition, calcium and magnesium arevery high as well (which
have a degenerative effect when elevated), contributing to the degenerative nature of this condition:

typical mineral profile with Ankylosing Spondylitis
In addition to very low molybdenum many times accompanying various forms of spinal degeneration, ongoing
dizziness is another factor with craniocervical disturbances, or those of the cranial ganglia, and it isn't always
clear which came first - the symptoms, or the low molybdenum - unless a known injury triggered the problem.
Nevertheless, if matched to the problem, I have seen molybdenum relieve the dizziness within a few hours
following its supplementation.
To a much lesser extent the above also applies to vanadium -- at least in theory.  In practice, vanadium rarely
becomes as deficient as molybdenum.  In fact, it is very uncommon that vanadium would require supplemen-
tation at all (ankylosing spondylitis being a rare exception), because of the chemical interactions it is part of,
and where molybdenum and chromium levels would both have to be much higher than vanadium.

Molybdenum is a component of xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase, which are impor-
tant enzyme systems.  Xanthine oxidase is involved in converting nucleic acid to uric acid, a waste product of
protein / purine metabolism, and although elevated uric acid can cause gouty attacks in prone individuals,
normal uric acid levels are actually beneficial, as they have antioxidative properties and protect cells from free
radicals.
I have not seen moderate molybdenum supplementation cause gout in patients who exhibit low molybdenum
levels even when they were prone for suffering from gout attacks, however very high molybdenum intake is
capable of triggering inflammatory joint disease.

Aldehyde oxidase helps in the oxidation of carbohydrates, and sulfite oxidase helps to detoxify sulfites,
which used to be common food preservatives (salad bars), and which some sensitive individuals have a
severe allergic reaction to.  While sulfur and molybdenum compete for uptake in plants, supplementing
either one in humans helps uptake of the other by inhibiting copper, which is an antagonist to sulfur and
molybdenum, so for practical purposes (and confirmed in thousands of clinical applications), they work as
synergists with one another.  There is an identical relationship between vanadium and selenium against
chromium, resulting in the same synergism.

In animal studies, Vanadium has been found to function similarly to insulin by helping to maintain blood
glucose levels the same as in the control group, despite lower serum insulin, while at the same time making
cell membrane insulin receptors more sensitive to insulin.  In human studies, daily insulin requirements in
Type I diabetics decreased by as much as 14%, and in Type II diabetics, there was an increase in insulin
sensitivity observed following vanadium treatments using either vanadyl sulphate or sodium metavanadate.

So why don't doctors tell their patients to supplement vanadium in order to reduce insulin requirements?
Perhaps some studies just don't compare to clinical applications in the real world.  My own patient feedback
has not been favorable to vanadium supplementation so far for diabetes.  Instead of reducing insulin require-
ments, blood sugar had gone up following vanadium supplementation!

Both, vanadium and molybdenum have anticarcinogenic (anti-cancer) properties in regard to breast cancer
(V+Mo) in animal models, and esophageal cancer and stomach cancer (Mo) in humans, which may be due to
the copper-inhibiting effect of molybdenum, or possibly by Mo protecting the body from nitrosamine formation
as a result of consuming foods (meats or vegetables) high in nitrates or nitrites.

According to some sources, supplementing vanadium has the potential to improve athletic performance
because of the anabolic effect of vanadyl sulfate being similar to insulin (supposedly resulting in higher liver
and muscle glycogen stores), however the validity of that claim is not universally accepted.  For individuals
suffering from bipolar / manic-depressive illness, there is evidence of possible adverse effects from
increased vanadium intake due to its causative or aggravating impact on reduced sodium pump activity.

Short of minimal amounts present in some multi-mineral formulations, the effects of supplementing higher
amounts of vanadium (as vanadyl sulphate) on a regular basis - when not indicated - can have detrimental
side effects that may include anything from various aches and pains and flu-like symptoms (partly as a result
of inhibiting chromium), to eventually vanadium causing all kinds of bizarre, chemical imbalances.  Supple-
menting higher amounts of vanadium can also cause a very noticeable green discoloration of the tongue.  ¤
===================================================================================

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is the latest term replacing daily dietary reference values such as
Adequate Intake (AI), Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), Estimated Average Requirements (EAR),
Nutrient Reference Value (NRV),  and Recommended Dietary Allowance / Intake (RDA / RDI).

Vanadium / Vanadyl Sulfate:Molybdenum:

DRI (RDA):noneDRI (RDA):newold
 0-6 months2mcg30mcg
 6-12 months3mcg40mcg
 1-10 years17-34mcg75mcg
 11-18 years43mcg150mcg
18 years + (suggested)100mcg+18 years +45mcg250mcg+
 pregnant / lactating:+5mcg

Therapeutic Range:1mg - 100mgTherapeutic Range:0.5mg - 2.5mg+
___________________________________________________________________________________

Cellular / Intracellular Attributes and Interactions:

Vanadium Synergists:Molybdenum Synergists:
Selenium (see text above), zinc, fluoride,Sulfur (see text above), potassium, chloride

Vanadium Antagonists / Inhibitors:Molybdenum Antagonists / Inhibitors:
Chromium, chloride, calcium, potassium, iodine,Copper, fluoride, magnesium, zinc, tungsten, tin,
sodium, sulfur, rutin, sugar,phosphorus, selenium, hesperidin,

Low Levels / Deficiency - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:

Vanadium:Molybdenum:
Spinal degeneration, ankylosing spondylitis (withSpinal degeneration, ankylosing spondylitis
elevated molybdenum, calcium and magnesium),(with high vanadium, calcium and magnesium),
reduced growth and reproductive ability in animals,higher risk for several cancers, insufficient uric
elevated cholesterol,acid, elevated triglycerides,

High levels / Overdose / Toxicity / Negative Side Effects - Symptoms and/or Risk Factors:

Vanadium:Molybdenum:
Arthritis, aching bones, jaw, teeth, tonsils, ears,Skin eruptions, itchy skin, inflammatory spinal / joint
weakened immune system, chronic colds,disease, trabecular bone loss (spine, end-part of
gastrointestinal problems, trabecular bone loss,bone), decreased growth in all species.
___________________________________________________________________________________

Vanadium Sources:Molybdenum Sources:
Vegetable oils, fats, olives, black pepper, seafood,Grains, organ meats, (soy) beans, lentils. ¤

===================================================================================
===================================================================================

General recommendations for nutritional supplementation:  To avoid stomach problems and promote better
tolerance, supplements should always be taken earlier, or in the middle of a larger meal.  When taken on an
empty stomach or after a meal, there is a greater risk of some tablets causing irritation, or eventually erosion
of the esophageal sphincter, resulting in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).  It is also advisable not
to lie down immediately after taking any pills.  When taking a very large daily amount of a single nutrient, it is
better to split it up into smaller doses to not interfere with the absorption of other nutrients in food, or nutrients
supplemented at lower amounts.

___________________________________________________________________________________
Copyright © 2000-2010  Ronald Roth   Acu-Cell Nutrition: Vanadium & Molybdenum
  
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